video

Intertextus ~ 1st Year

What makes something a certain something within that category?

Personally I feel that the term bench has been put into a category that when thinking of ideas that fit what a bench is, what does that really mean? The idea of design that can be used to help others is to rethink and continue to refine. So when thinking of designing a bench, I tried to wipe out the idea of what makes a bench a bench and instead was trying to solve a problem I noticed in public spaces.

In everywhere we go we are passing so many stories in motion. Some of these stories we hear and others we don’t. With this in mind everyone is different, especially with the way they interact with the way they see the world, and feel comfortable in certain situations. Within all the designs I had in mind was this idea of making a place for most people’s comfort levels, and the piece being sustainable (in material and helping the environment as it was in place).

The three ideas I had was:

  1. creating a foldable hexagon on two sides so that it could fit as many people as possible, but there could be a rest for the back if there were less people who wanted to sit for that moment.
  2. a canopy on the rails: something that would integrate the water while transporting the viewer
  3. customizable sitting space that can fold both ways

The design I decided to pick was #3. This idea came almost immediately to me. A bench that can come together but the user can decide for themselves where they want to face, how much they want length to add to thier bench, and it not taking to much space. Therefore the person can fold it, this can change form thus a new look of sculpture each time, and and it is easy to pick up the trash and keep the environment clean. The idea of making something shared your own, but doing it as a community at the same time.  

I wanted to put this design to the test beyond school, so when Nick mentioned that there was a seat seats completion in Portland I thought that was a good opportunity to see if this could help people and the environment in a public setting. Getting feedback of not making it to any round would tell me to keep refining and thinking of ways to better the design is helpful to me. 

The streat seats competition is to create a sustainable bench for the area around the World Trade Center in Portland, Oregon.

I am from the West Coast, and also know a couple of people in the area of Portland. The lifestyle is super laid back and merging with so many new kinds of ideas. As well as the environment being a major factor of thoughts. When I saw the park and water this gave me the idea to want to use biodegradable wood as a material with a plant glaze to protect the wood, release toxins away and bring more oxygen. The glaze could go on every year with the plants that are getting tossed out when there were done with decoration in the World Trade Center. I also wanted to incorporate air plants into the planter attached to the bench that way there would be less watering to be done. Especially since it rains a lot in Portland, therefore saving energy, resources, and money. Water conservation is something we take really seriously on the West Coast.

In terms of drafting and making models.I first found pictures of the site and put a piece of plastic and drew my idea over the plastic. That way the viewer can flip back and forth for what the site will look like with and without the bench. Also there are drawings to show the attachments, and colors that evoke and designate with an earthy and West Coast feel.

it is hard to see since this was scanned but, the bench is in the middle of the circle of flowers

 

 

Model 1)

I first started to construct a model with pipe cleaners. That was not smart. I thought since they could bend this material would work to show the way the user could manipulate the bench. This did not work at all and it doesn’t even look like a bench. It looks more like a shaven puppet mustache. I chose the color brown to show that the material is wood, and the pipe cleaners where glued together.

 

Model 2 + 3)

 

Model 2 is connected by glue to start drafting how upright the bench would stay and start to rotate. The triangle that stays the same in both models would hold books and work as part of what keeps the bench upright. Actually the idea that the planter would help keep the bench upright stayed  the same throughout the whole process, just the way it looked changed. Model three was connected by magnets. The magnets that I had used where not strong enough, but I know it would work if I had bought stronger ones. Also, just a note, but nanos might work as an alternative binding system. This way I can achieve my goal of having no pin, or rod showing and going between, to really make the entire bench look vertical. As well as people adding to the bench more easily. Nanos are small pieces of iron that are in the fluid form called ferrofluid. Model 3 also has my idea of adding carvings and texture/patterns from local artists while being able to hold airplants where model 2 does not.

add other drawings here

Models 2 and 3 use the same scale and format. 1 inch = 1 foot

These are the collages with the drawings of the bench and Tom McCall Waterfront park.

 

Model 4)

I decided to make a sketch model to get ready to use the wood with the cardboard. I created 12 strips of cardboard and connected them with a wood stick within the space the cardboard had. I did not need to use any glue for this piece. I thought that the holes could do the same thing the magnet bench could do which was the ability to add more seats, and the seating to be moveable to different locations. The holes could also act as a space for storing small art plants to incorporate into the piece. Also there is a flap on both sides of the strips that fold down as a shelf for the user to have if they want to set something down. The design of the planters were to generic for me, but this shape worked as a base.

 

Model 5)

For my next design I was going to use the laser cutter but it was all booked. I instead choose to use balsa wood, but was not crazy about having to use it as a material because of how soft the wood was. The reason why I chose it was because I had not had a wood shop orientation so I thought I would have to exacto and ulfa knife the model. Also, I thought it would be easer to stick wire and pins through.  I did half of it in ulfa and exacto knife till I realized that maybe they would let me use the hand tools. They did! I also learned about the direction and grain of the wood. I am glad that I spent over 6 hours gluing and cutting this time because I learned new techniques and about patience in a new way.

 

I used gorella glue, pins, and wood to construct this one.

I did so many Illustrator variations of how to get this piece cut out in one slice. This took me full days and hours, but I finally figured it out. Those drawings are not here because they kept being altered.

As mentioned I started to rethink the idea of using wood into creating a whole new material. But because of time for the project deadline and research I did not have time to do so, but for the future I think this would an interesting concept: the use of algae in a mixture with wood pulp, reused plants, and maybe even food waste.

Algae can be used to make bulletproof glass and is used in would dressings. This is a really strong natural material which contains nanocellose. Nanocellose is also found in food waste, most plants, and wood pulp. Wood pulp is wood fiber that has been reduced chemically or non chemically into pulp (used in paper manufacturing). Using the non chemical method would be beneficial to our health and also to the environment: when producing the bench, as well as when it is in it’s place. The reason why I want to stray away from plastic, even recycled is because of it’s toxicity and if someone touches it and puts their hands into their mouth, thus digesting it, that is dangerous. Also because it is sitting on the skin, or even when its being produced the pollution seaping, it is not safe. Making a glaze and healthy material is where we can start to combat this, and through plants they decrease toxins and release lots of oxygen. What if making production and something being in use can double up and start to help make positive impact in multiple ways?

 

Model 6)

I went to laser cut with my file and drawings to cut the wood in the desired shape that I wanted. I had a more elaborate idea for the planter but it had too many details and caught on fire… There fore I altered the look of my planter and added shelves to the sides since I was limited on making it longer and wider due to competition restrictions.

These are my final plans, elevations, an drawings:

 

 

The Final Model:

 

The Poster:

 

My video: 

 

Final right up t0 describe the bench for the competition:

Every setting changings. Think of that place you have been to so many times in your life. In all those moments there were multitudinous situations that could have changed resulting in various findings different each time. Now think of all those people you have passed by or interacted within that space. Their experience has shifted too: whether it is their first or last visit that was in the rain or sun. Everyone has gained an inspiration, and that is inerasable. I wanted to create a bench that allows the user to make public space more personal to their experience. They can choose their setting, and turn the seat in the direction they please. Also, there is a multifunctional component where all seven seats can act as a shelf and visa versa. This also will make it easier to sweep up litter from the ground, thus allowing a cleaner space. Ever-changing moments inspired the material use of reclaimed wood hailing from Portland. The side of the lumber keeps the original outcome of the wood, but the frontal view will be treated with the Yakisugi method: the act of charring wood. With those actions the bench has the ability to mesh the past, present, and can continue into the future lasting over 100 years, while becoming: waterproof, durable, and protected against insects. What has been created is a long lasting community connection, filled with Portland’s stories dispersed around the versatile environment of the World Trade Center and Tom McCall Waterfront Park. Included on the planters are shelves that provide recycled paper, pencils, and markers so that people can document the present moment they are in. There are also holes drilled on the side and a large hole at the top of the planter. This way moss and air plants that would have been thrown out somewhere else could be used still. Connections with others, self, and the environment within a public space are encouraged with this design.

 

Describing the design process for the competition: 

It is crucial to incorporate and research multiple subject lines from many resources when trying to solve a problem, instead of just fully relying on ourselves as an individual. For little over a month, two days a week I would ask classmates from various disciplines and professor who is an architect to give me feedback on my design. I also read many books to learn what factors can make materials and catalysts within chemical reactions dangerous. Through this I started to see how we can implement sustainable methods that can help better the environment as well benefit design. Woodshop technicians, people educated in sustainability, a wide range of the public, chemists, fellow students, florists, and various professors I spoke to. I learned some materials that are sustainable, how design can help people, and how to feel connected to an experience within an ecosystem I have learned a lot about patience too. The first idea you have may not be the best answer to solving the problem. It can help become a starting point inspiration, but there are many factors when formulating that idea. Lots of trial and error occurred. So many models and drawing for measurements, ascetics, and sustainability was being thought out. Also, for plants I was thinking of what can decrease toxins from the air, good at insulating, release a large amount of oxygen, do not need soil, and can thrive in a moist and hot climate. I found that thick air plants and moss fit those criteria. I also tested different materials: chopsticks, cardboard, and balsawood planks. Figuring out a way to get the bench to rotate, and work as a shelf and seat took some time. In the beginning, my designs had no shelves included, but the idea of bench being manipulated in two directions stayed the same. Towards the end, I realized that I could cut out the seating/shelf panels and planter panels into one piece each so that each individual section can be bound by pins to connect the bench. In total there are three shapes: shelving on the planter, pieces that make up the bench, and the planter. This realization came when I figured out my final drawing and laser cut it out. I feel that this can make it easier to waste less material when using reclaimed wood. More of those panels of the bench can be added or eliminated from the existing design to create more or less space for an area. As well different shapes in layout the bench can take start to create different shapes then just being in a straight line, depending on the area and need for the design. The way the pieces are designed do not even need written directions because the image is speaks for itself so that it can be universally understandable to figure out how to construct the bench. That also relates to the idea of how public space raises senses to see intertextus within an ecosystem.

Reflection: 

This entire project was a challenge for me. When it comes to technical 3D making it is not my most brushed up skill. This process taught me to be more patient, to learn how to measure more, and disciplined me in another way to make a 3D form. Installations is something that I love, but I wanted to challenge myself in learning how to make a bench. Not just making a bench but something that can serve an simple everyday function in a public space (functional in public space). Function and usage can spread messages and is another way of reaching out to others (whether they know it or not). I think it is easy to overlook fonts, that is one for example, or in this case stereotypical seats in a park. The idea of not creating a stereotypical bench, can also teach me how key into another realm of design that is functional. Because if there is ever something I want to showcase that might be best done that way it is important to be educated in it.  I also figured, since our professor Nick is in architecture I thought the bench would be a good way of learning more different techniques from him and to see design as a whole in a new way. The competition was a plus because it gives the chance for the design to help others within a physical reality standpoint. The process of talking to the class and showing our designs was a new experience and cool to see how everyone formulated their ideas and kept building throughout the weeks. Awareness about how people interact in public space in terms of design feel like I cannot go back to looking at public space/design the way I did before. Its been cool to build ideas from other subjects and mesh them into this one to create a design that helps the ecosystem and environment. Overall a good experience.

 

sym·bi·o·sis ~ 1st Year

The first day Harvest handed us a list of questions were the class would go around the room and see who matched. I remember it had to do with writing and fashion. Most of the class was a fashion major, and I remember how easy this simple getting to know you assignment was. I honestly could only relate to the writing themed ones…. And I was probably the only one who marked those boxes. At that moment I was excited to learn more from my professors and classmates. That for sure happened this semester. I have not experienced such a class full of students who all go above and beyond. Just cause they have to, but because their passion drives them. On top of that they are all so incredibly talented, and I feel so lucky to have been able to work with them.

Our last project I felt that our team clicked ideawise in a vision. It was so much fun to collaborate with them! Not only that but our seminar papers happened to be similar to each other, so we also grew more in studio as well as in seminar. Our research and garments grew more because of how tightly connected our discussions and process every step of the way was. Our vision didn’t always match 100%, but that is natural. This helped push us to grow as artists and make our design more versatile for everyone. We wanted to help better the environment around us, and raise awareness. Sustainability was quite key to us.

 

This video with the skirt, shirt, and pants was filmed by me, the caplet was filmed by Bella, and the film was edited by Zihan.

 

A segment of our mission statement:

Confronting with one of the world’s most crucial topic sustainability, our fashion brand Two Qi wants to alleviate the negative impacts to human bodies and the environment induced by:

– non-renewable materials such as cancerogenic synthetic fabrics

– chemical and wasteful proceeding of materials such as dying

– unsustainable business strategies

– inappropriate consuming habits

The materials and fabrication of our garments are 100% natural and use the least

amount of energy possible. The textiles are based on palm leaves, raw wool, moos,

organic cotton, pressed leaves, air plants and wheatgrass. Compared to synthetic

fabrics, which cause cancer, mental diseases, asthma, allergies and autoimmune

diseases these materials all have healthy benefits. By using onion as a way of

natural dying, moos, pressed leaves and O2 producing plants we actively save

energy and decrease the CO2 household on our planet. To close the production

circle the garment has a second purpose when the customer doesn’t want to wear it

anymore. This means it becomes a decoration for the apartment, food or cosmetica

( Aloe Vera as a body lotion) . As a last step, people bring the reusable parts back

to our company and compost the rest. Longliveity in symbiosis with nature.

 

Our contemporary society is occupied with the fast pace of living such as

productivity, development, and efficiency. This penetrates also into the fashion

world: people pursue profit-oriented fashion marketing and day-to-day changing

outfit with attributes like new, updated, and fresh. Consequently, our company

would like to establish and redefine the sense of steadiness, persistence, and

carefulness through fabrication and design. Our brand will follow the habits of

observing and making decisions in a long-term perspective to inspire others. Our

brand is all about enjoying life embracing taking the time when living a busy

lifestyle. We strive to make a connection with each individual interacting with the

garment. Not profit oriented.

 

Our logo:

 

In summary:

  • Meret handfelted wool and grew wheat grass on her textile.
  • Zihan dyed her fabric with veggies
  • Bella made a caplet with leaves

 

I made a top out of plants and reused fabric lining. I thought that this tied in with my research paper because plants are natural and they are safe on our skin. Chemicals that are harmful to us such as synthetic fibers that we are wearing today are not. Rethinking that idea is important for our health as well as for our environment. Enzymes are the catalysts between a chain reaction and when thinking of the fabrics we clothe ourselves in and the changes in the environment constantly happening our PH balance is shifting consciously. The choices we make include our environment, and affect not only the climate but our ecosystems. As well as social aspects and the bodies of all creatures including humans. Chemical balances from nature have an effect on reactions within our body and outside of it. The two work together whether they want to or not. We can learn from previous situations to apply new innovations and problem solving into today’s world. That is what we started to do as a group and as indviuals.

Our presentation: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1aiSeCsQZMH3MBXO3E-52wkHsLFYh9k3hXIadXqFQkao/edit?usp=sharing

Our website:https://2twoqi.wixsite.com/twoqi

 

Making the garment:

 

 

 

Final outcome:

 

The photoshoot: I took all the photos of the shirt, skirt, and pants. The caplet photos were taken by Bella.

 

I am going to continue to further my research as well as implement the idea of nontoxic chemicals and finding other resources to use when making and for others whether it is in clothing or anything else to help the ecosystem as a whole. This experience taught me that when combining ideas and thoughts positive progress for the future it can bring unity as well as more positive impacts. We just have to be willing to be open minded.

 

Reusable and Subjective Waste ~ 1st Year

Final for Biology, Art, And Social Justice Lang Class

Reusable and Subjective Waste

By: Alexandra Vargas

I walk almost everywhere I go in the city, and through the different settings there is one link that keeps catching my attention: Trash and used objects. We pass by and lay out these objects on the street, which then they are seen as unuseful. Almost as if a lifecycle has ended it’s means. That kind of thinking prompted my first project at Parsons to be made with used materials that were available to be taken. That action then transferred to going onto the street collecting and picking up items to use them for majority of what I was making. I started to challenge myself and raise awareness in class to everyone that instead of resorting to buying new materials, we could find them. When carrying my art projects to class people would look at me oddly. Which gave me an idea to video tape Krystyanna picking up trash, myself spray painting what was collected, and then having my friend Caroline lay down on the street while Krystyanna dumped the trash on her. We got different reactions from the public, which than led me to the idea of how fashion is everywhere and how ironic it would be to make garments out of different used materials. I tested it out in one project, but then made it look like a normal garment. When on the street, people had no idea that it was used material and they treated it differently. So with this project I wanted to make it actually look like trash and make a garment with that kind of angle. Sustainable clothes are starting to be considered, but clothing ends up in a landfill still, so I wanted to intertwine/explore those contrasting ideas together[1]. The production of clothes wastes energy so I wanted to make this as a sculpture style. Also, seeing all the matter every day made me wonder what happens to the trash and objects in landfills[2].

“In 1937 first landfill brought inspiration to pass laws saying each state should participate in that action because before landfills people were dumping their trash into a pit. They thought that landfills would significantly help the United States, but actually it has tripled since the 60s because of the usage of biodegradable packaging versus nonbiodegradable[3] packaging[4]. This causes a problem because methane is released into the air, which harms the surrounding environment, and also plays a role in climate change. I decided to go online and research to see if the idea of trash leading to climate change and landfills were on others’ minds. I proceeded to an article from Time Magazine in 2012 that stated: “The higher numbers are especially significant because trash in landfills releases methane gas, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that landfills are the third-leading cause of methane emissions in the U.S. Nearly a fifth of methane emissions come from landfills. Landfills utilize methane gas collection technology, but researchers say that methods should be improved at open landfill sites. Methane is the second most prevalent gas emitted by human activity following carbon dioxide. And, while Americans emit significantly less methane than carbon dioxide, methane emissions are 25 times more damaging to the environment, pound for pound, than carbon dioxide over a 100-year period.[5] ” I had heard of the term methane, but I wanted to know exactly what it was: “(CH4), is a gas produced by a group of colonic anaerobes, absorbed from the colon and excreted in expired air.[6]”

These statements then reminded me of Alexis Rockman’s art pieces and how he explores genetics, the future, and impact of the environment[7]. Alexis bluntly conveys his ideas to raise awareness, which is kind of linked to my idea of my garment. To put what is contributing harm in front of people, because it holds the idea where something adds up, until one realizes: we can see traces, but there are still invisible traces too.

I created two fashion pieces. I picked two materials that were about to become trash or were suddenly turned to look that way. The first garment was made out of trash bags that I took from the trash. I threw the trash that these bags were holding into other bags so there would be no extra littering involved. With this look I wanted to make four pieces that could be pieced together, or they could have the option to be styled with other articles of clothing. My original idea was to make a crop top, a strapless top, pants, and a skirt. Instead I made a crop top, a strapless top, I combined the pants with the skirt, and a shawl that could also be turned into a top or could be added to the skirt. I gravitated towards both the transparent and black garbage bags because I thought it brought contrast and also to the idea that it is creating waste to help reduce or get rid of unwanted items. I did not use a pattern, but instead ripped the pieces or cut them to fit them together into the item I desired. They were mended together by hot glue. For plastic when it was used like fringe it was cool to have the hot glue make the plastic curl and manipulate it. For the shawl I cut holes and tied knots with the black trash bag. Overall the process went well, my pants looked odd so that is why I took them apart and added them to the skirt.

For the second look, I used Trader Joe’s bags, because I realized how many bags we waste when we go shopping. For example: Trader Joe’s doubles the bags for items that could use one bag. Thus, I had four bags in total enough to make the dress and romper. Also the irony of needing that bag to carry things that keep you alive such as food and then to throw them out and then they are deemed as unuseful and as trash. That is why I chose to create a garment out of those bags used from when my roommates go shopping there. I decided to make a dress and romper in one. I started to form a body suit out of the paper bags once again without a pattern, then my friend told me she wanted to model it so I measured her body to make sure that I could fit it on her. From there I made the skirt by cutting out strips of the paper bag and gluing them together, and everything was hot glued once again. Then I got a cardboard box and striped it and cut pieces of that certain texture and put it on the back of the romper/dress, sleeves, and the skirt. Both garments are structured more as a sculpture to showcase the more art side of how trash can be reused and seen as. The reason why I choose fashion is because fashion is a way of expression and I thought it would be ironic to have people wearing a fashion pieces as trash that they pass by every day without thinking subconsciously. I also thought if someone would to wear literal trash then it can raise awareness. I also chose to covey the process through fashion photography so even in an editorial story this could be used for that purpose.

Process:

Final Piece:

As for my schedule, I paced myself by to create these two garments. I allocated a few days towards one and a few days towards the other which totaled to two weeks. Then I took photos and video, wrote my reflection, and the artist statement when listening to other classmates present on the third week. For the photoshoot, I choose to shoot at Chelsea Market because it has a modern yet old, new, industrial, and local vibe. We asked people to write a word that described New York City to them on the dress with acrylic paint. As for the dress made out of trash bags, another photoshoot was done around Wall Street. I wanted to see how my friend would self express her style with the trash bag. My friend paired her style that has a lot to do with nature in such an industrial setting. She wore leggings and hiking boots with the dress, skirt, sleeveless top, and crop top.

Chelsea Market and The Standard Hotel:

 

Wall Street:

Reflection:

For the photo shoot, it did not occur to me that there would be mostly tourists there, and so people would either approach us or give weird looks while walking by. It made me realize different levels of comfort and openness that we all have. A lot of young kids got more into it and they just went for it on the dress, where as adults felt weird or if they went for it they thought hard thought about each mark they were making. It was funny because they didn’t want to mess up the work I made, but in retrospect they are throwing away the work when they buy the stuff that was put inside of it. Some people recognized it as a trash bag, and a ton of pictures were taken. I realized that maybe the idea of having people pass and give weird looks was completing the notion I wanted. Overall the experience of seeing how the garments interacted with the settings and public was interesting. I was not too crazy about my designs, so the act of choosing the design became more like a study of how the materials can be folded and formed into different pieces of clothing. I asked Trader Joe’s why they double bag, and if it was a requirement too. They said that it was not but the reason why they do is because the handles are not strong enough. That response was odd to me because I carried my garment as a heavy snowfall was happening and it barely ripped. Their bags are quite sturdy, which puzzles me towards their response, or even the design of the bag.

The class presentations were really fun. I liked hearing and seeing my classmate’s interests and ideas. All the ideas that the presentations held unique expressions that were different from each other. Kind of like another angle of how Madison was saying that everyone is unique in her art critique. At the same time the material presented had some common links that could be made. Maria, Destiny, and Juliet all linked their ideas to togetherness and not presupposing. That there is unity. Also the process of the projects was interesting, I witnessed seeing Krystyanna and Makaleh in the process of making their projects and it taught me new approaches of ways to brainstorm and articulate while making a piece. I loved the experimentation that our class had as well. Miranda played around with water. This was cool because Miranda was using a material that was her subject line as well, which reminded me of how Jenifer Wightman studied bacteria but made it into an art piece.[8] Also, Daryn had the people who read her character’s voice encountering the story for the first time to see what their reaction would hold. Phoebe’s talk about organ sharing was fascinating to be educated about, and her piece also tied to one of the subjects Daryn held, which was accessibility. When thinking about how teaching each other through presenting art, Alyssa and Ani brought the materials they used for their project so the class would get a kinetic understanding. They both also used textiles to convey the subject that they were passionate about while lessening certain stigmas. I thought how Candida took a lab and furthered it into her project was cool, and how Ethyn took his passion of plants and tied into the work of Kahlo, which in his act of doing that presentation and research almost alluded about how to go about looking to an artists’ work when we focused on Kahlo this year. Overall I learned a lot from everyone, and gained many new outlooks. This project really helped me try to spread the message about the effect littering and waste is bringing towards climate change and the surrounding environment. Also allowing me to raise awareness of how we can make change and think of futuristic ideas to raise awareness and lessen stigmas as well as waste.

As for my own work I think I should have stated more facts and gone more in depth. I truly enjoyed working on the pieces and I learned more about certain kinds of reactions in public spaces and was educated more about landfills. I think through hearing feedback and seeing how my peers went about their research made me want to further the idea of waste and fashion coming together. I would like to make cloth-like material from decomposed trash to help eat up the waste that is being produced in the landfills and what is being tossed into the ocean. Once that cloth is made I can express myself in a new way, not just sculpturally. I feel that is what a lot of the class did. They took their passion and experimented with it to share a message.

Footnotes:

[1] Rob Walker, “Fashion in new bid to be truly sustainable,” The Observer, April 08, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2017/apr/08/fashion-sustainable-clothes-wwf-finland.

[2] “Landfill: not to composed trash so it breaks down quickly or bio degrades but to burry it, dirty it and lock it from the surrounding world. They isolate the trash from the environment.” Josh Clark, “How Landfills Work,” How Stuff Works (audio blog), June 23, 2015, https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/landfill.htm.

[3] Non-biodegradable packaging consists of plastic aluminum and Styrofoam.

[4] Clark, How Stuff Works.

[5] Justin Wordland, “Trash Climate Change Methane Gas:,” Time, September 22, 2015, http://time.com/4042559/trash-climate-change-landfill/.

[6] “Methane,” National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/methane#section=Top.

[7] Rachel Corbett, “Painter Alexis Rockman on His Dire Eco-Dystopian Visions,” Artspace, September 10, 2013, accessed December 11, 2017, https://www.artspace.com/magazine/interviews_features/studio_visit/studio_visit_alexis_rockman-51528.

[8] Jenifer Wightman, Winogradsky Rothko: Bacterial Ecosystem as Pastoral Landscape. Journal of Visual Culture. 7(3): 309-334, 2012.

 

Bibliography:

Clark, Josh. “How Landfills Work.” How Stuff Works (audio blog), June 23, 2015. https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/landfill.htm.

Corbett, Rachel. “Painter Alexis Rockman on His Dire Eco-Dystopian Visions.” Artspace. September 10, 2013. https://www.artspace.com/magazine/interviews_features/studio_visit/studio_visit_alexis_rockman-51528.

“Methane.” National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Compound Database. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/methane#section=Top.

Walker, Rob. “Fashion in new bid to be truly sustainable.” The Observer. April 08, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2017/apr/08/fashion-sustainable-clothes-wwf-finland.

Wightman, Jenifer. 2012. Winogradsky Rothko: Bacterial Ecosystem as Pastoral Landscape. Journal of Visual Culture. 7(3): 309-334.

Wordland, Justin. “Trash Climate Change Methane Gas:.” Time. September 22, 2015. http://time.com/4042559/trash-climate-change-landfill